LEARNING :)

- learning to choose and make desicions.

- sources of knowledge.
= revelation, reason, sense perception/ observation, reports from trusted sources

- HOW PEOPLE LEARN ?

- divine inpiration
- logical reasoning
- observation / immitation
- practical experience throgh trial and error

TYPES OF PERSONALITY IN QURAN..

1) the soul is what distinguishes man from other beings.

2) psycho-spiritual tension,depending on how the soul is used.

> capable of committing evils and being obedient ( al-shams, 7-10)
> those who follow their nafs to go to hell and those who dicipline it to go to paradise ( an-nazi'at,37-41 )

MODES STAGES OF NAFS


1. commands evils
2. self-reproaching
3. tranquil

3types personality in Quran : BELIEVERS DISBELIEVRES HYPOCRITES


CHARACTERIZED BY DIFFERENCES IN :

1. belief/faith
2. acts of worship/ibadah
3. social relationship
4. family relationship
5. morals and behaviour
6. emotions
7. cognitive and intellectual
8. career, work, voction
9. physical characteristics


KEY ELEMENTS :

* belief in ALLAH and akhirah
* observing ALLAH'S commandments
* remembrance of ALLAH

PERSONALITY IN THE QURAN :)

- back to the soul

psycho-pathology : sickness of the soul

PSYCHOLOGICAL STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES THAT :

- from his actions on the reactions to the environment he lives in

- organize an individual experiences

- distinguish him from others individuals

PERSONALITY IS :

1)what will distinguish you from others

2)going to perform ur action depends on environment

3)the dynamic organization in the individuals of the psychological and physiological systems that characterize his unique style of adjusting to the environment.

QURANIC PERSPECTIVE :

- Quran describes some characteristics that distinguish human from all others beings.

- describes some personality types characterized by the major characteristics.

- describes healthy/unhealthy personalities.

- comprehensive vIew of human personality ( physical, spiritual, psychological- cognitive and emotional )

- modern theories focus on the physical and phychological aspects only.


SENSE OF PERCEPTIONS AND COGNITION .

- sense perception ( sight, hearing, touch , smell etc )

- cognition and errors of cognition.

= rigidly following old views (taqlid)
= acted based on insufficient information
= emotional bias

HUMAN NATURE, HUMAN KNOWLEDGE AND DIVINE REVEALATION :)

PSYCHOLOGY ?

: study of human behaviour, cognitive and ,mental process

: soul that running the human life, deteremine our behaviour


Among the fundamental elements of the worldwide Islam are :

: belief in Allah, divine revealation and an afterlife-reward and punishment

: belief in the ghayb ( the unseen, only known through divine revealation )

: man is the most important element in the created universe, not in himself but as a khalifah (vicagerent of Allah )



MAN'S DUAL NATURE

1. Composed of a physical form (body) ,pertaining to the physical universe : made of clay/mud ,decomposes after death. Physically man is like all physical beings subjected to the laws of nature.

2. Contains a spiritual substance (ruh) ,which is from the Divine world.


THE HUMAN SOUL

1. The essence of man.

2. It is a spiritual substance, created by Allah , but immortal, not physical /tangible.

3. The way to know it is through the intellect and by means of observing the activitie that originate in it.

4. It is conscious of itself.

5. Locus of intelligibles.

DIFFERENT MODES/STATES (AHWAL) OF SOUL :

SOUL - al-ruh (soul) : executive function, mode of governing the body, managment of the body
al-nafs ( self/spirit )
al-aql ( intellect) : mode of intellection
al-qalb ( heart ) : made of receiving divine intuition ; inspiration/ilham/ wahya

POWER OF SOUL

- posses faculties and power which become manifest in relation to bodies.

- soul classified :
= plant soul
= animal soul
= human/ rational soul

- makes man unique from others creatures.


FITRAH : new born baby with fitrah

1) already know something
2) know nothing

CURRENT ISSUE IN PERSONALITY !

GRAND THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
VS
CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY

- Appropriate units of personality :
= traits
= motives
= cognitions
= which traits, motives, cognitions, etc.


BRIDGING THE FISSURE : THE NATION OF DOMAINS OF KNOWLEDGE

~ One way to make sense of the vast amount of research in many difeerent areas of personality is to appericiate that this research occurs along several key domains of knowledge.


SIX DOMAINS OF KNOWLEDGE :

- INTRAPSYCHIC
- DISPOSITIONAL
- COGNITIVE-EXPERIENTAL
- SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
- BIOLOGICAL
- ADJUSTMENT


SUMMARY

- theories serve as a guide for researchers.
- theories organize known findings.
- theories allow us to make predictions.
- theories are more than just beliefs.
- theory and research are bound together.

PERSONA :)

PERSONA = HOW DO YOU APPEAR TO OTHERS ?

WHY WE MUST STUDY PERSONALITY ?

- to understand people

- personality is a central topic of psychology

- aims to undersatnd causes of behaviour in ourselves and others by attributing unique individual characteristics.


WHAT IS PERSONALITY ?

" AN INDIVIDUAL'S CHARACTERISTIC PATTERN OF DOING, THINKING, FEELING "

- personality is an abstract concept, like intelligence, that cannot be seen, touched or directly measured.

- personality is one's relatively dinstinctive and consistent pattern of thinking , feeling and acting.

- a person's general style of interacting with the world.

- differences between people which are relatively consistent over time and place.

PERSONALITY DEFINED :

PERSONALITY IS THE SET OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAITS AND MECHANISMS WITHIN THE INDIVIDUAL THAT IS ORGANIZED AND RELATIVELY ENDURING AND THAT INFLUENCES HIS OR HER INTERACTIONS WITH AND ADAPTATIONS TO, THE ENVIRONMENT ( INCLUDING THE INTERAPSYCHIS, PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT )


PERSONALITY APPLICATIONS.

- Personality is used in predicting and understanding behaviour for research, theraphy and guidance.

- Personality is closed related/applied to :

- developmental psychology
- clinical, forensic and neuropsychology
- social psychology
- vocational counselling
- personal selection


3 LEVELS OF PERSONALITY ANALYSIS :


1) INDIVIDUAL LEVEL - uniqueness, genetic, endowment, nonshared, experiences.

2) GROUP LEVEL - similarities and differences

3) HUMAN NATURE LEVEL - common life experiences
- biological and physical similarities
- self awareness
- ability to see symbol

INDIVIDUALS CAN BE STUDIED IN TWO WAYS :


1) NOMOTHETICALLY : as individual instances of general characteristics that are distributed in the population.

2) IDIOGRAPHICALLY : as single and unique cases.

PERSONALITY TYPE :)

PERSONALITY

- character
- thought
- traits
- behaviour
- uniqueness
- individuality
- specialties
- apperance
- style
- behaviour pattern
- habit

its mean here that everyone have their own personality and persceptive about something.

we have our own interest and we can choose which one that we like and done.

WE DESERVE SOMETHING FOR OURSELF !

but sometimes we have something that we have to accept it. .

1. FREEWILL VS DETERMINISM

2. NUTURE VS NURTURE

3. PAST VS PRESENT

4. UNIQUENESS VS UNIVERSALITY

5. EQUILIBRIUM VS GROWTH

6. OPTIMISM VS PESSIMISM

tHeories of personality :)

1) Type and traits approach - focus on characteristics.

2) Dynamic approach - on motives impulses and pshychological process


TYPE OF THEORY - Hippocrates 400 BC

4 temperamental types :

> sanguine - cheerful vigorous
> phlegmatic - slow moving calm
> melancholic - depressed morose
> choleric - hot tempered


MANY OTHER TYPOLOGIES.

A class of individuals said to share a common collection of characteristics :

1) INTROVERTS : shyness, socal withdrawal, tendency to talk much.

2) EXTRAVERTS : tendency to be outgoing, talkative.

understnding oneself entails developing an understanding of one's personality :)

ALLPORT - " Personality as the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychological systems that detremine his unique adjustment to his environment ".

MISCHELL (1976) - " Dinstinctive patterns of behavior including thoughts and emotions that characterize each individual adaptedness the situation of his or her life ".

1) Behaviour patterns across situation.

2) Psychological characteristics of the person that lead to these behaviour patterns.